Natural venting, also known as type b venting, was the most common venting method back in the day. Natural gas, gas, water and some solid pipes.
Offshore Flexible Pipelines For High Pressure Applications
Initially, flexible pipes were used in relatively benign weather environments, such as offshore brazil, the mediterranean, and the far east.
Flexible pipe used for natural gas and water. Black pipe is best used for gas lines, not for water lines because it rusts easily, while galvanized pipe is the safer pipe to use in water lines, but it cannot be used to convey gas. Popularity and a large supply make black iron pipe one of the most affordable gas. This type of water supply tube is good for use with either hot or cold water supply lines.
A fuel hose carries fuel. The pipe is safe as the holes do not develop pinholes, and there will be no leakage of gas. The pex tubing provides rigid piping for the gas line, which means no risk to safety purposes.
It involves attaching a natural vent pipe to the furnace and running it vertically through the roof. It therefore makes sense to use a different pipe for transporting gas across the house. Flexible water supply tubes made from braided nylon come with a reinforced braided outer core and have a solid pvc inner core.
Let’s look at exactly why that happens: To convey water to the site of the fire for firefighting service (fire hose). Copper pipe has been used to deliver natural gas into homes for many years.
Our flexible pipe systems enable you to increase production and asset integrity, while reducing the total cost of your pipeline system. They are usually white in color. If the black iron pipe is however thicker than the usual galvanized pipes (as is the case with natural gas pipes), it is going to be more expensive.
Galvanized steel, copper, brass or csst (corrugated stainless steel tubing) also can be used in some areas, but some utilities specifically prohibit the use of copper. Is a gas system limited to just cooking and providing hot water? Soluforce flexible composite pipe (fcp also known as reinforced thermoplastic pipe or rtp) solutions are comprehensive yet economic.
In chemistry and medicine, flexible hoses are used to move liquid chemicals or gases around. Always check with your regional laws on where you’re able to use flexible pipes. Or “yellow csst.” csst is a flexible, stainless steel pipe used to supply natural gas and propane in residential, commercial and industrial structures.
Gasflex is an aluminum tube lined with inner. In other areas, the use of copper is widespread. Our pipeline systems are therefore resistant to all chemicals involved in oil and gas.
The pex tubing freezes when the temperature goes down. A csst that is not correctly grounded or bonded can leak natural gas or become ignited, leading to a major fire hazard. So, the rigid tubing of pex offers safety.
The origin of flexible pipes can be traced to pioneering work carried out in the late 1970s. Used in europe, america and australia for over 20 years , this technology is now revolutionizing the way gas is installed in homes across the usa and canada. In today's modern home, the use of gas appliances is rapidly expanding.
To water crops in agriculture (tough hose) for drip irrigation. And into the 2000s have yellow corrugated flexible gas lines connecting the black iron pipe to your hvac system or water heater. In addition to heating, cooking and hot water, flexible copper tube.
As a professional and competent supplier of highly engineered flexible pipe systems, we provide a complete solution to our clients, including oil companies and the contracting industry. In short, flexible gas lines are perfectly safe as long as they’re properly installed. 40 chrome seamless steel pipe is an economical section steel used as a pipeline for conveying fluid, such as conveying oil.
This way, hot combustion fumes easily rise and exit through the roof naturally. Due to the flexibility, it avoids bursting while it is frozen. To carry air from a surface compressor (air hose) or from air tanks.
Most flexible pipe material standards allow up to 5 percent deflection. This combination enables reliable and efficient subsea and offshore. The acceptance of copper pipes by building codes varies widely.
And regardless of whether you're hiring a plumber or taking on a diy home plumbing project, the experience can be confusing because of. Deflection is limited to 2 percent if the flexible pipe has a rigid lining and coating and 3 percent for a rigid lining and flexible coating. These include installation equipment for rent or purchase, and training of international and local workforces in the use of the soluforce.
This is preferred for main water lines and tunnel systems, because its thickness allows it to endure the strain in trenches from backfilled soil. Initially used for hot and cold water installation, composite pipe is now also used for gas reticulation. You should know what is acceptable in your area.
Compared with solid steel such as round steel, 40 chrome seamless steel pipe has light weight when the bending and torsional strength is the same. There are several common types of home plumbing pipes used to carry water to and away from fixtures and appliances. These yellow flexible tubes are called csst, which stands for corrugated.
Type k pipe is not approved for use in natural gas activities. We deliver flexible pipe systems to the offshore oil and gas industry as well as the chemical and water industries worldwide. However, the technology of flexible pipes advanced so rapidly that nowadays they have been used in various areas.
The most common gas piping is black steel. Most houses have galvanized water pipes. Accidental nail strikes don't easily puncture iron gas pipe, and it takes extreme force to bend or break the pipe.
While flexible connectors are able to be connected to gas piping as long as they have a shutoff valve installed, they’re not permitted to be used on gas furnaces, space heaters, water heaters, and other appliances. Flexible pipes include steel, ductile iron, thermoplastics such as polyvinyl chloride (pvc) and high density polyethylene (hdpe. Millions of houses in the united states have galvanized water pipes.
The spruce / kevin norris. Type k tubing is available in both sturdy and versatile form, and can be used with flared and fittings for compression. One cautionary note with using composite pipe for gas reticulation is to observe the material's temperature limits.
For more than 30 years copper tube has been reliably delivering both natural and lp gas to residential, commercial and retail structures. Csst is extremely thin compared to the traditional 4 mm black pipe.
Hope you can help, thanks We have tried sucking the water out with a straw.but that didnt seem to work.
How Fix Water Hammer And Quiet Your Pipes (Diy Guide) - Bob Vila
All the soldering with the copper pipes has been going ok.
Remove water verticle pipe. V 2 = v 1 2 + 2 g l. If using a threaded water hammer arrestor, for a tighter fit, you can wrap the male end of each shutoff valve or water inlet with thread seal tape or teflon tape before threading the arrestor on. Consider a pipe with length l and uniform radius a is held vertically.
Just remember to turn off the water and empty the pipes before you open them up. Method 2 using conventional drain cleaners. A minor buildup of hard water may be able to be fixed by pouring vinegar into your water or sewer line.
If my math is correct (and yes, you do want to check it) a 3/4″ pipe x 50′ will hold about.2 cubic feet of air. And you'll want to hang on tight to that weight — if you drop the pump down in the well you'll need a pro to fish it back out. The discharge height from a vertical oriented 4 inches pipe is 3 ft (36 inches).
Chris shows you how to remove a pvc pipe from a pvc fitting using three different methods. However, it may take the vinegar a day or longer to disassemble the buildup of calcium or magnesium. Tighten two pipe wrenches on the top of the pipe and lift.
Pipe for drainage of rainy water. Wrongly fitted pipes can cause harm to the contents of the building. Tape or otherwise affix the pipe cap to the end of a length of rod, dowel or other convenient material.
Method 3 use a plunger to remove. If your well is less than 150 feet deep and utilizes pvc pipe, you may be able to pull your submersible well pump yourself. Say you have a room, like an upstairs bedroom, attic room, or bonus room above your garage that has.
It will not solder with even the slightest amount of water. Remove the cloth or rag from the drain and carefully pour the hot water into the drain. The formula for volume of vertical discharge is:
Make your own unclogging mixture out of household supplies. The open end of the cap must face away from the main body of the rod. This will prevent the pipe from falling into the casing if you lose your grip.
F = √h⋅ k⋅ d2 ⋅5.68 f = h ⋅ k ⋅ d 2 ⋅ 5.68. Expect the pump and any water in the line to weigh at least 150 pounds, however. H is the height of the water plume above the pipe opening.
Pour half a cup of liquid detergent into the pot of boiled water. If not, raise the pressure a bit and try again. But theres one pipe that seems to be giving us a problem.
But according to bernoulli's equation: Best to start with 15 psi of air or so, and see if that drives the water out. Wrap the tape tightly three or four times clockwise.
Replace the first 15 ft. Build shelves around the pipe. Purchase a drain cleaner from the store or online.
F is the flow rate in gallons per minute. If you introduce a few cubic feet of compressed air at, say, 15 psi, you’ll have plenty to drive the. Although the general direction in which these pipes run is vertical, they may be offset or run in a horizontal position on upper floors and still be identified as a vertical stack.
Place decor and supplies on the shelves to further hide the pipes. How to clean a drain pipe method 1 removing grease buildup. The following day, boil two gallons of water in a pot.
Lift the pipe until you reach shoulder height. Lower the pipe slightly until it rests firmly in the pipe wrench. A good quality rain water pipe and its’ proper fixation make your home neat, clean, safe of mud and rain water.
Turn a vertical pipe into a column. Measure two liters (8 cups) of water and. Wrap any male threads on the water hammer arrestor with tape, too.
Start by opening the outdoor hose bib closest to the water meter. For smooth flow of rain water and better understanding of pipe fixation, here are given some nice tips. How do you solder the copper pipe with water in it.
In the industry, these pipes are either known as soil stacks, waste stacks, or vent stacks depending on the purposes which they serve. Place the third pipe wrench loosely on the pipe just above the top of the well casing. However, many bathtub drains are either left open or have stoppers that leave a.
Of all the drains in your house, the sink drain is the easiest from which to retrieve a stuck item.the sink gets used a lot, so its drain is the one in which stuff is most likely to get stuck. According to the continuity equation, the velocity of water going into the pipe seems to be the same as the velocity of water coming out. The shower drain and some bathtub drains have strainers that prevent all but the smallest debris from getting in.
P a t m + 1 2 ρ v 1 2 + ρ g l = p a t m + 1 2 ρ v 2 2. Unfortunately, the pipes are 100% necessary for the radiator system to function properly. Q = 5.68 0.97 (4 in) 2 (36 in) 1/2 = 529 gpm
Make sure you consult an engineering professional so you aren't messing up any pressure, flow rate, drainage, or temperature. If you have low flow there, look at the water meter. When it’s done boiling, remove it from the stove.
K is a constant that ranges from 0.87 to 0.98 for heights up to 2 feet. If you choose this method to eliminate the blockage in your drain line, you will be required to flush the pipes to eliminate the odor and. We use the saw and chisel, primer and fire, as well as a heated co.
With a coefficient k = 0.97 the flow from the pipe can be estimated to. When you now let the correct liquid flow into the pipe, the first 20units of it will get neutralized, and then you have a clean system running. Although clean and shiny copper pipes can look great alongside some decor, especially a room with a more rustic feel, aesthetically, exposed pipes can look very unappealing in a room that’s trying to be sleek or modern looking.
Ball valves (with drains) on each side of the new meter. D is the diameter of the pipe. Bring two liters of water to a rolling boil.
If you cannot stop the leak, turn off the stop tap and switch off your boiler. Most condensate lines use sch 80 steel pipe and threaded connections.
The Hartford Loop On Steam Boilers Definition, Function, Safety Features, Piping For The Hartford Loop
Most of the time, the thermostat is found in.
Heater boiler returning pipe. The issue is if just central heating is on. If the pilot light goes out then the boiler won't be able to fire into action. The role of the header tank is to supply water to the central heating system and also maintain the level of water, which expands when heated.
Each radiator 'sits' upon the pipe with both radiator connections made to the same pipe. The two returns are teed together above the boiler water line. Also copper piping is a good conductor of heat.
If not, call an engineer. If air gets into the pipes for any reason, it can cause pressure fluctuations that make loud gurgling or banging noises. This will result in the excess water being drained, leaving a dry boiler for the repairman to work with.
The boiler condensate pipe is blocked. When the pilot light shuts off, this typically means the thermocouple is having difficulties or is faulty. The header tank, otherwise known as the feed and expansion tank or cistern, is an essential part of an open vented central heating system with a regular boiler.
Make sure the thermostat is in working shape. Insulate exposed piping wherever you find it and replace old insulation that is falling off. 7, 9 and 11 are on the ground floor and all fed by drops.
Or all the taps in the house, including flushing your toilets to speed up the process. Good supply and return insulated pipe will increase the efficiency of the boiler and reduce overall the heat loss of the entire system as a whole throughout the heating season. I think the boiler has been dripping for months (floorboards wet/mouldy when i lifted the carpet), and bgas didn’t even notice when they did the annual service in october.
Yes a simple test, you should be able to disconnect the condensate hose where it comes out of the boiler, turn the pressure up to about 2 bar and turn the boiler completely off, put the condensate hose into some kind of container and see if it gets water in when turned off, if it does new heat exchanger time. Steam boilers require special safety precautions because of the temperature of the steam (the water must be heated to 212°f). Diagnosing the cause of sudden noises from your heating pipes can take time and be something as simple as securing a loose pipe or as complex as a fault in the boiler.
Every day i have to increase the pressure as it falls below the recommended 1bar so just before putting the heating on i will try to increase this slightly. Touching the pipes they are red hot apart from the boiler return that seems cool. Where it connects to the two steel supply elbows there is a tee facing down on each of the supplies.
As the heated water from the boiler is fed along the pipe, natural convection (hot water rises) causes the heated water. If you hear noise coming from the pipes or the boiler, there may be a breakdown fixing to happen. This morning i noticed that the little pipe that looks like a ubend coming out and then back into the wall is leaking water when the heating is on.
Boiler supply and return piping. In some cases, you will get water only and in other cases, you will get lots of air. Using stainless for condensate pipe and valves, and avoiding threaded connections, slows the corrosion.
My combi boiler is leaking from outside pipe. While you’re at it, this is also a good opportunity to check out your boiler and verify that it is functioning properly. However, hot water five feet back on the supply line is not normal.
This will help to melt the ice and, hopefully, bring your boiler back to life. The trigger can sometimes be because the water is overheating, but it is far more likely to be a water circulation problem. Check your boiler pressure to ascertain whether the leak is being caused by low or high boiler pressures.
After that, inspect it carefully, along with the fittings, because they might split if frozen. Air can get into the system in any number of ways, from a defective valve to a previously replaced part. There are a few things in maintenance you can do to keep the thermostat working properly.
Older boilers will have a pilot light (a small flame that constantly burns before lighting a larger flame when heating or hot water is needed). Take a rag with you and open the air bleeder until you get water. The pipe coming out of the boiler is copper.
As i had started to balance the radiators the lock shields are currently open fully on 7,8,9,10,11 as the heat was not enough to get a balance. The boiler then cuts out, guessing getting to warm. There are two types of boilers:
As a result, it is vitally important to follow a regular maintenance schedule. Your boiler’s thermocouple aids in the supply of gas to the boiler. A boiler lockout is a failsafe mechanism that will kick in if the boiler senses that there is a fault.
Return pipe part no s801048 for a glow worm energy saving combi gc 2 80 47 047 13, model no 801091. A single pipe loop arrangement has, as the name implies, a single loop of pipework running from the boiler and returning to the boiler. They should be teed together below the water line.
To drain the remaining liquid, it’s enough to simply turn on your tap. Metal pipes naturally expand and contract, and boilers do tend to emit some sounds when they start up, usually in the first 10 to 30 minutes. One of the most common causes of banging sounds in a boiler system.
A permanent solution to your noisy central heating system will require more extensive plumbing work. The key is to try and gradually warm up the affected pipe by placing a cloth over it or running warm water over the duct. Be careful to identify the correct.
They're located at the highest point of the. Since it’s a boiler, it definitely has some water left inside. Your boiler has a blue flame located underneath it to keep the system lit and running.
The fourth factor is condensate system insulation. Once you have turned off the stop tap and the heating, turn on a few taps around your house and flush the toilet. You can simply solve this problem by pouring warm water onto the pipe.
The two methods of heating a home are boilers and furnaces. The sagging pipes causing condensed steam to settle will need to be either replaced or adjusted. The condensate has frozen inside the pipe, which leads to a blockage and therefore you get a leakage upstream.
After a while you can hear what sounds like boiling water in the pipes in the airing cupboard. It is highly likely that there will be excess water gathered inside your boiler. It is important to note that you’ll need to restart the boiler if the pipe has frozen.
Once no more water is coming out, you’re good to go. That is the condensate return. Boiler starts and pipes start to get hot.
Finally, it could also cause boiler pressure problems causing your pressure relief valve to vent. Boiler pressure is easy to fix as long as you know which valve controls it or can bleed radiators by yourself. Condensate corrodes steel, but the pipe threads typically are more susceptible to deterioration.
If rads are getting hot, i doubt if there is air trapped in the return into the boiler. All round unhelpful and taking money off an old lady for several decades.
Pvc pipe, pvc cement, pvc primer, hacksaw, and a measuring tape. Typically, when a homeowner imagines a sewer pipe, they imagine a white schedule 40 pvc pipe.
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Cast iron sewer pipe repair epoxy?
Black sewer pipe. Model # pvc 30030 0600. Some of the more common types of tests to detect a leaking sewer pipe include: The ball is inflated to block the pipe.
These 90's, tees and other adapters have one inlet/outlet that has the same. It is obvious why people have made the switch. Orangeburg pipe (also known as fiber conduit, bituminous fiber pipe or bermico) is bituminized fiber pipe made from layers of ground wood pulp fibers compressed with and bound by a water resistant adhesive then impregnated with liquefied coal tar pitch.
The pipe leaves your home and leads to the sewage pipe that connects to a septic tank or the public sewer system. It was used from the 1860s through the 1970s, when it was replaced by pvc pipe for water supply and abs pipe for. How to fix a black poly pipe.
Cast iron is the strongest sewer pipe. Compare 10' threaded black steel sch 40 pipe with other items on the compare list. (such as sewer lines) usually have bell and spigot ends whereas exposed pipes usually have flanged ends.
You will need to use specific clamps (ones used to secure pipe to fittings) and a tool that squeezes the clamp around the pipe securely. Green sewer pipes are used to connect a home to a sewer system or septic tank and cannot withstand pressure. It is good practice to double up on the clamp on each joint for.
Thousands of customer product reviews. What is abs pipe? a. Astm d 1784 and astm d 2729.
Add 10' threaded black steel sch 40 pipe to your list. If you own an old home with extra heavy cast iron pipe that has developed leaks and the expense of replacement is c. Apple pay accepted in store.
10' threaded black steel sch 40 pipe. Use the hacksaw to cut a square hole in one end of the pvc pipe. They are less durable than white sewer pipes which are 3 times thicker and can be pressured.
Prepare your rv for long stays, harsh weather conditions. Pvc and abs pipes are the most common pipes for newer homes. March 27, 2022 by harris.
Black sewer pipe stock illustrations. Pvc and abs sewer pipe. Pvc and abs sewer pipe is one type of plastic pipe, there pvc is white plastic pipe and another abs is a black plastic pipe.
Usually, the ball is inserted into the sewer line by removing the toilet and inserting the ball through the drain opening. The standard repair for a black pe pipe is to install one or more brass barbed couplings secured with hose clamps. You will need the following items:
Cast iron pipe is cut with a device called a. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (abs) pipe is mainly used for drain, waste, vent and sewage applications. The walls of white sewer pipes measure 0.216” and are less susceptible to leaks, cracks, and damage from tree roots.
The green sewer drain pipe is used for the final underground run from a house to the municipal sewer or septic tank. There are having many types of sewer pipes in the construction markets, which are below. The vent allows air to enter the drainage system, which keeps the.
Pvc and abs sewer pipe. It is commonly referred to as abs pipe. The black pipe is composed of acylonitrile butadiene styrene.
$20.67 when you choose 5% savings on eligible purchases every day. The size of the pvc pipe to be used for an rv sewer should be 4 inches, and since standard rv sewer hoses are 3 inches in diameter, you will need to use an adapter. These have many benefits for your sewer lines.
Line plumber icons simple set of plumber related vector line icons. One of the best things about cast iron pipe is that it is incredibly strong. Some of the most reviewed products in black pvc pipe are the formufit 1 in.
Vector graphics black sewer pipe stock illustrations. While both serve the same function in homes, the most distinctive practical difference between them is how multiple sections are joined together. The plumbing vent is a vertical pipe that runs up through the walls of your home and out of the roof.
It connects to the drainage pipe of your home's plumbing system. It is manufactured to be compliant with “astm d 3034” standard and is often referred to as “3034” pipe. By contrast, clay, abs, and pvc pipe are all subject to breakage.
Contains such icons as leaking washing machine, water heater, tool box and more. Abs sewer pipe is cheaper and easier to install than cast iron, and as abs is a lot lighter than cast iron, there is less danger of bodily injury during the installation process. Therefore, it ís important to have a detailed understading of this product.
Black steel pipes are widely used for construction works and manufacturing thanks to their strength and durability. Buy online & collect in hundreds of stores in as little as 1 minute! Click to see full answer.
What do you mean by street, fitting and spigot in the descriptions above? a. Compare 10' threaded black steel sch 40 pipe with other items in your compare list. In short, it is a bypass pipe designed to prevent sanitary sewer overflows during wet weather events.
Updated types of sewer pipes: Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (abs) — drainage, waste and vent pipes are the usual application for this black pipe material. Measure and cut your pvc pipe to the desired length.
This adapter will transition from the standard 3 inch black water connections on the rv to the 4 inch threaded pvc. When used as part of a description of abs fittings, all three terms have the same meaning: In 2010, after several large tropical storm events led to sewer backups in parts of the township, the pennsylvania department of environmental protection (dep) required cheltenham to construct this temporary bypass sewer system.
Because many building codes prohibit its use, however, pvc or hdpe pipes are often used instead. Buy black waste pipe & fittings at screwfix.com. However, cast iron pipe's thick walls act as an insulator against the noise of water/waste traveling along the pipeline.
Ips inlet with 3/8 in. If you see a bubble, turn off.
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We suggest shutting it off at the meter or having your gas company shut it off using the meter.
Shut off valve for black iron gas pipe. I am installing a 30' extension to feed a gas range / oven. Wait around 20 minutes for the gas to dissipate. Such legs causing pipe or fittings to rupture if it freezes).
Dishwashing liquid to 1 cup water or with a commercially prepared leak testing solution. 3 results compatible pipe material: They are both within 15' of the gas meter.
Steel pipe with dresser type and steel welding fittings. The black coating helps prevent corrosion. Water shut off valves typically come in two configurations:
Pretty sure brass is just fine.i've never seen one made of steel for residential use. This valve has to be in the same room as the appliance. Ips (iron pipe thread) sized on one end, flare connection on the other;
There may be some vapors left in the line, but not enough to cause any kind of explosion. Unless your local building and plumbing code do not allow mixing galvanized and black iron pipes in the same system, the system should be safe. Sealing black iron gas piping.
For pressure above 5 psig, all piping shall be welded. Simply put, black iron piping is one of the best options for gas lines that exists. Black malleable iron (1) bronze (1) galvanized pipes (1) + view all.
Maximum pressure (psi) 600 (121) 150 (38) 600 psi (29) 175. A 1/2 black iron pipe will be a little less than 1 on the outside diameter and a 3/4 black iron pipe will be a. Female iron pipe size (fips) branch.
Seismic gas shut off valves. Shake the spray bottle gently to generate foam in the bottle. Maximum 125 psi at temperatures up to 120°f.
You will typically find straight shut off valves on long sections of water pipes and where water lines come up through the floor to. Steel piping typically is black with malleable iron or steel fittings. Compression outlet round handle angle stop shut off valve in matte black.
The uniform plumbing code does not prohibit mixing galvanized and black iron pipes in a natural gas system. I used a combination of the tape (3 or 4 times around) and the goop, which was recommended by a couple random plumbers with many years of experience. Gas shut off valve water valve sharkbite shut off valves 3/4 shut off valve
The gas is off when the handle is perpendicular to the pipe. It is strong, easy to install, resists corrosion, and maintains an airtight seal. Flexible connectors are permitted to connect appliances to the gas piping.
These compression tee fittings feature: The gas piping has not been connected. Straight shut off valves are oriented so that the inlet and outlet of the valve are aligned and pointing in the same direction.
Fits both ips sized metal pipes and schedule 40 plastic pipes. Locate the line that you are going to tee off from. Spray the gas cap and look for bubbles to form.
For me, because we are planning on remodeling our kitchen, i wanted to install a shut off valve to the gas line going to the kitchen, otherwise when we do the renovations in the kitchen we'd have to shut off gas to entire house! Need to seal your pipe threads? Received 4 votes on 4 posts.
Black iron pipe used to be found in water lines, but has been much more popular for gas since the advent of copper, cpvc, and pex. Spray the gas cap again around its entire edge. Turn the gas back on and swab each joint with a solution of 2 tsp.
After the gas is shut off manually, only utility personnel and plumbers can restore service. Outside or unheated areas are prohibited locations for gas piping drip legs. For low pressure 0.5 psig or less use standard weight black steel pipe with 150 psig threaded malleable iron fittings for piping 4 in.
For a gas water heater, the valve is most often found at the bottom of the water heater, where the inlet line runs to. Make sure you use the right tape/dope for gas. Get free shipping on qualified gas ball valves products or buy online pick up in store today in the plumbing department.
Coat each connection and watch for bubbles to form. Galvanized steel is used in some areas as well.